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How does a septic system work?
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All wastewater generated from the dwelling enters the septic tank where primary treatment occurs. Anaerobic bacteria (bacteria found in environments without oxygen) thrives in the septic tank where they organically break down solids, creating sludge. Lighter materials, such as grease and soap, float to the top of the tank and form a layer called scum. This simple settling process allows virtually all of the wastewater (effluent) to flow out of the septic tank, free of grease, soap and solids. It is important to remember that septic tank inlet and outlet pipes are near the top of the tank. Thus, the septic tank always appears full. To see a photo click here.
The relatively clear wastewater exits the septic tank outlet and flows into the distribution box (D-box). The purpose of the distribution box is to evenly distribute the wastewater flow through the drainage field. Once in the drainage field, the wastewater passes through perforated lateral pipes, a layer of crushed stone, and finally through several feet of unsaturated soil. As the treated wastewater travels through the soil, bacteria dies off and the water is purified.
Click here to see a photo of septic system maintenance.
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Drain Fields
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The drain field is the most important component of the septic system. When properly installed and sized, it will accommodate treated wastewater (effluent) from your septic tank for many years. Your drain field requires no maintenance; however, you may want to consider locating and uncovering the distribution box and having it cleaned if your system is older than 10 years. In addition, consider following these precautions to best care for your drainage field:
 Periodic septic tank pumping will prevent sludge and scum from contaminating the drain field.
Keep the following items off of the drain field: automobiles, heavy vehicles, accumulated storm water and stockpiles of snow and soil.
Mark the boundaries of the drain field as a permanent reminder.
Avoid planting trees and deep-rooted shrubs in the vicinity of your drain field.
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Answers to your Questions
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Additives— Most household wastewater supplies bacteria for proper septic tank operation. Use of laundry detergents and small amounts of bleach will not harm the naturally occurring bacteria found in the tank. If you use excessive amounts of cleansers and detergents, you may want to consider using a biological enhancer. Accurate Waste Systems, Inc., provides a bacteria culture specifically designed to replace and enhance the bacteriological environment.
Yeast— Case studies have determined yeast is not an effective additive for a septic tank.
Garbage Disposals— If a garbage disposal is used in a home with a septic tank, the tank solids will accumulate more rapidly than homes without a disposal. This facilitates the need for annual septic pumping.
Pump Tanks— Pump tanks are used when the elevation of the drainage area is higher than the outlet of the septic tank. Be sure to periodically inspect the pumps, floats and electrical connections.
Knowing When to Pump Your Septic Tank— Residential septic tanks should be pumped every three years and more often if the household consists of more than four people. It is important to remember that it is the amount of sludge in the tank that determines the need for pumping.
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Tips
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Know where your septic system is located.
Install a riser on the main cover for easy access
Pump your tank regularly
Fix all leaking faucets and toilets.
Never put harmful materials into your septic tank.
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